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A Synopsis of Latin Grammar
Ethan Allen Andrews
Comprising the Latin Paradigms, and the Principal Rules of Latin Etymology and Syntax
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The Italian Language
Robert Atkinson
A national literature is a subject which should always be approached with reverence. It is difficult to comprehend fully the mind of a nation, even when that nation still lives, and we can visit it—and its present history, and the lives of men we know, help us to a comment on the written text. But here the dead alone speak.”—Longfellow.
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Russian Literature
Horace Peters Biddle
Literature is as enduring as human nature, and had its beginning almost coeval with the origin of mankind. The traditions, observations, and tales of love and battle, form the bases of the first rude essays of the historian, the philosopher, and the poet. Poetry precedes civilization—not, indeed, in the shape of regular poems, but in bold expression and striking metaphor; tradition is ever the precursor of authentic history, and observation is the only true basis of philosophy. The arts began early in the history of man.
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Scandinavian Literature
Joseph Bosworth
This is a very brief sketch of the language and literature of Scandinavia, taken from the introduction to the author’s Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. From the old Danish (Danska tunga), Norraena or Icelandic tongue, sprung the modern Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and those languages and dialects spoken from Greenland to Finland, from the Frozen Ocean to the Eider. While it must be acknowledged, that a class of languages thus extensive deserves attention, Scandinavian literature has a peculiar claim from its singular poetry and mythology, given in the Eddas. Those who wish to enter more deeply into the subject than the limited space would here allow, may consult the authorities quoted in the following work. If
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The Arabic Language
Thomas Chenery
It would ill become me, in addressing Members of the University of Oxford, to begin by urging the importance of a study of the Arabic language. Such a preface might be in place before a popular assembly with narrow notions not only of language but even of what constitutes utility. A learned body which cultivates with activity and success every branch of knowledge does not need to be persuaded that one of the most perfect and beautiful forms of human speech, one of the most widely extended, most enduring, and most influential languages of the world is worthy of the attention of its students.
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The Cyclopedia of American Literature
Evart A. Duyckinck and George L. Duyckinck
The title of this work justifies an expectation of its embracing a careful, and exhaustive exhibition of the literature and literary history of the United States, full and exact in bibliographical information, rich in personal reminiscences connected with literary life, complete in that entire circle of facts which illustrate our intellectual advancement, and indicative of a candid and judicial temper on the part of its authors. The “ Cyclopedia of American Literature,” if judged only by its name, and the extraordinary preliminary commendations it has received, would probably find its way to the principal public and private libraries of this country and Europe
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Review of Ticknor’s History of Spanish Literature
G. S. H.
There are two points of view from which every book may be observed; one from without and the other from within. In the former case, it is compared with other books upon the same subject, or exposed to the test of an ideal standard. The critic ventures to assert whether at better book might not have been written with the materials at command, whether all the sources of information have been examined, whether the ground has been gone over superficially or thoroughly, and whether a spirit of accuracy presides over the minor details of names and dates. A judgment of this sort supposes in the critic a. knowledge of the subject equal at least to that of the author whom he is reviewing.
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Die Anschauung im neusprachlichen Unterricht
Karl August Martin Hartmann
Wenn jemals ein Unterrichtsfach eine fröhlich aufstrebende und an fruchtbaren Anregungen reiche Entwickelnng durchgemacht hat, so ist es sicher der neusprachliche Unterricht unserer Tage, und der heutige Neu-philolog darf sich gliicklich schätzen, dass sein Los in die Jetztzeit herein-gefallen ist. So weit wir zurückblicken können in der Geschichte dieses Faches, giebt es keine Periode, die auch nur annähemd die Summe von Fortschritten aufzuweisen hätte, wie sie seit etwa fünfzehn Jahren auf diesem Gebiete zu verzeichnen sind. Yiele Aufgaben bleiben noch für die Zukunft ubrig, aber der Gesamteindruck drängt sich auch dem fliichtigen Beobachter auf, dass der neusprachliche Unterricht zu unserer Zeit eine unleugbare Wandlung zum Bessern erfahren hat, und dass er eine bedeutende Zukunft erhoffen darf.
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The Essentials of English Grammar: And Analysis, With Exercises
John Daniel Morell
N. B. It is strongly recommended to teachers, that they should instruct their pupils in the 1st and 2nd parts of this book, at the same time. That is, the analysis of the subject should be taken up with the exposition of the noun and adjective; the analysis of the predicate with the verb; the analysis of the various extensions of the predicate with the adverb and preposition ; and the analysis of complex and compound sentences with the conjunction. The small type could be omitted, if it be thought desirable, the first time of going through the book.
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Anglo-Saxon Literature
Simeon North
History contains no record of deeper interest, than that, which unfolds the origin and progress of the Anglo-Saxon race. From beginnings the most obscure, and under circumstances, often the most adverse to improvement, its course has been steadily onward, to empire and to greatness. The triumphs, which have followed in its steps, and by which its progress has been so distinctly marked, have been as various as the fields of human enterprise are diversified. In the arts of war, and of peace, in the various departments of manufacturing skill, of agriculture, and commerce; as well as in science, and the pursuit of universal literature, men of the Anglo-Saxon race have ever shown themselves foremost and pre-eminent. The position which they now occupy, in the British islands, with their dependencies, and on this continent, is one of commanding influence; and yet their course is still onward. Their mission is not yet completed; and we think it can be deemed neither an empty boast, nor a visionary prophecy, to which we give utterance, in expressing our conviction, that when the drama of this world’s progress shall have been closed, no race of men will be seen to have acted upon its theatre, a more conspicuous part, or to have left more indelible marks of power and influence on the pages of its history
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Dryden’s influence on the dramatical Literature of England
Otto Riedel
The diligent observer of the history of mankind will never fail to trace in it the onward march of progress, mightily pressing forward at times, often imperceptibly, yet ever without interruption. History however is not a bare relation of the fate that has befallen empires and cities, nor a nomenclature of battles and dates, or a panegyric of men renowned for their valour in the field or their cunning in the cabinet, for all these are but accidentalities attending the advance of the human race by civilization to liberty and prosperity. A true history of the human race ought to take account of every influence that has been exercised upon it by every circumstance and every event affecting it and those parallel or diverging ought to be weighed in judging rightly of the state of civilization generally or of that of a certain nation at a given time.
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The English Language
S. S. Saul
This work is respectfully dedicated to those who studied grammar without benefit, those who have forgotten all they ever did study, and those who never studied it at all. The author’s vocations in life—teacher, clerk, editor, and newspaper and magazine contributor—have given him excellent opportunities for understanding the wants of those to whom it is dedicated.
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On the Best Method of Studying the American Languages
James Hammon Trumbull
The collection of materials for the study of American aboriginal languages is already large. Indian vocabularies, grammars and grammatical notices may be reckoned by hundreds, and every year adds to their number. Among these are to be found many works of permanent value, indispensable to students of the languages of which they treat, a few of disti guished excellence, widely known and highly appreciated as contributions to comparative philology, and many others which, without imparting thorough or exact grammatical or lexical knowledge, have been very useful to explorers, missionaries and others, by facilitatiig communications with savage tribes.
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English Literature
Francis Henry Underwood
The prosperity of a nation comes from well-directed industry.; its happiness from the impartial execution of equal laws ;its greatness from the indomitable spirit of its people ; but its lasting glory from its letters and art. No seats of empire have received so much of the homage of mankind as the small cities of Athens and Jerusalem. Merely commercial cities, like Tyre, Carthage, and Palmyra, are soon forgotten. Even Rome is less reverenced as the home of the cæsars, the mother of modern states, and the source of modern civilization, than as the seat of a magnificent literature that has enriched every language of Christendom, and is still a light to the learned world. Success in arms, and the acquisition of territory, give temporary renown.
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Chinese Spoken Language
Moses Clark White
The Chinese language is, in theory, a language of monosyllables; but, owing to the paucity of distinct syllables, two monosyllabic words having, in the language of books, the same signification, are often joined together in the spoken language to represent a single idea. Other varieties of compound words are used to express ideas which, in other languages, are represented by a simple word. Some words which are generally regarded as monosyllables, contain two or more vowel sounds, which are pronounced so distinct and separate as to constitute real dissyllables, as, kiang, hiong, sieu, which are pronounced ki-ang, hi-ong, si-eu.
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